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PREFACE
COLOUR
PLATES SECTION
FOREWORD
ONE
FLUID TYPES AND SELECTION FUNCTIONS OF A HYDRAULIC FLUID
Transmit power
Lubrication and wear protection
Corrosion protection
Transportation of contaminants and debris
Cooling
HYDRAULIC FLUID TYPES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
Mineral oils (designated class H)
Non-inhibited (HH)
Rust and oxidation inhibited (R&O)
Antiwear oils
Environmentally acceptable fluids (HE)
Synthetic fluids (HS)
Fire-resistant fluids (HF)
Water-containing (HFA)
Oil-in-water emulsions (HFAE) and Chemical solutions (HFAS)
Water-in-oil emulsions (HFB)
Water polymer solutions (HFC)
Non-aqueous fluids (HFD)
Phosphate esters (HFDR)
Other compositions (HFDU)
IMPORTANT FLUID PROPERTIES
Viscosity
Selecting the right viscosity
Shear stability
Density or specific gravity
Lubricity and wear protection
Air release
Foaming
Compressibility
Thermal properties
Oxidation stability/thermal stability/hydrolytic stability
Corrosion resistance
Material compatibility
Filterability
Water separation (demulsification)
Fire resistance
CHOOSING THE CORRECT FLUID
The needs of the system
Matching the operating conditions
The working environment
Economic factors
Disposal
TWO
THE FLUID AND THE SYSTEM COMPOSITION OF A TYPICAL HYDRAULIC
FLUID
SYSTEMS, FLUIDS AND THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
External environment
THREE
NEW FLUID MANAGEMENT AND CARE QUALITY MANAGEMENT
DELIVERY AND STORAGE
Delivery
Storage
In drums
Mineral oils
Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids
Environmentally acceptable fluids
Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids
Bulk storage
Monitoring Fluid Quality in Storage
SYSTEM FILLING
System Preparation
Fluid transfer
FOUR
FLUID SERVICE LIFE FACTORS AFFECTING FLUID LIFE
Oxidation
Thermal degradation
Hydrolysis
Shear breakdown
Additive depletion
Contamination.
Air
Particulate Matter
Contamination by non-metallic particles
Contamination by metallic particles
Water
Fluid Replenishment
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FIVE
FLUID MAINTENANCE CONDITION MONITORING
FLUID SAMPLING
Sampling the Fluid from the System
Obtaining a representative sample
Using the correct equipment and procedures
Recording sample details
Fluid Analysis
Appearance
Odour
Viscosity
Acidity
Water content
Particulate Measurements
Foaming and air release
Elemental analysis
Corrosion and Wear metals
Contaminants
Additive levels
Specific properties
Resistivity (HFDR fluids)
Mineral oil content (HFDR and HFDU fluids) 60 Fluid stability
(emulsions)
Microbial activity
Reserve alkalinity (HFA-, HFB- and HFC-type fluids)
Fluid Top Up and Replacement Procedures
Topping up one mineral hydraulic oil with another
Topping up fire-resistant fluids
Topping up an environmentally acceptable fluid with another
of a similar type
Replacing a fluid charge by another of the same type
Changing Fluid Types
Changing from mineral oil to a fire-resistant fluid
To non-aqueous fluids
To water-based fluids
Additional points specific to low viscosity fluids
Additional information relevant to higher viscosity fluids
Changing from mineral oil to an environmentally acceptable
fluid
Changing from fire-resistant fluids to mineral oil
Changing between fire-resistant fluids
SIX
DISPOSAL, REGENERATION AND RECYCLING DISPOSAL, REGENERATION
AND RECYCLING
DISPOSAL OF USED HYDRAULIC FLUIDS AND THEIR CONTAINERS
Energy recovery
Regeneration
Recycling
Containers
SEVEN
HEALTH, SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT HEALTH, SAFETY AND
THE ENVIRONMENT
Information
Health considerations
Skin contact
Eye contact
Inhalation
Infection
Safety considerations
Environmental considerations
FURTHER
READING LIST OF RELATED BFPA DOCUMENTS
SUGGESTED
FURTHER READING
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
APPENDIX II LIST OF PRINCIPLE STANDARDS FOR NEW AND USED
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
APPENDIX III FLUID AND SYSTEM-RELATED PROBLEMS
APPENDIX IV KEY TEST METHODS FOR NEW AND USED HYDRAULIC
FLUIDS
APPENDIX V RELATED STANDARDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS FOR HYDRAULIC
FLUIDS
APPENDIX VI GLOSSARY OF TERMS
INDEX
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