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Level,
Leakage & Flow Monitoring Handbook
Approximately 210 pages
by Trevor Hunt
Hardback
£39 / $66/Euros 66
plus £4 / $8/ Euros 66p&p
Publication date: January 2001
ISBN: 1 901892 08 5
Sold with a 28 day money back guarantee
An ideal
- and affordable - text for engineers and maintenance professional
with an interest in level, leakge and flow monitoring. This
title does not attempt to baffle with the technology, but
introduces it at an understandable level, touching on the
basic theory and concepts, available equipment and practical
issues relevant to the engineer as well as highlighting
several case studies with which the reader can relate. Other
books in this twelve title series focus on thermography,
wear debris analysis, vibration, noise, ultrasonics and
oil analysis.
Contents
Notations and Symbols used within the book
Units
Pressure Conversions
Trade Names & Descriptions
Chapter
One
INTRODUCTION
TO LEVEL, LEAKAGE AND FLOW MONITORING
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO LIQUIDS
1.2 LIQUIDS
1.2.1 Types of liquids
a. Lubricant
b. Power fluid
c. Fuel
d. Coolant
e. Cleanser
f. Chemical
g. Drink
1.2.2 Properties of liquids
a. Viscosity
b. Density
c. Temperature effects
d. Compressibility (and air release)
e. Electrical
f. Other flow effects
1.3 MAINTAINING LIQUIDS
1.3.1 Cost of maintaining liquids
1.3.2 Maintaining liquids through level monitoring
1.3.3 Maintaining liquids through leakage monitoring
1.3.4 Maintainging liquids through flow monitoring
1.4 USING LIQUIDS
1.4.1 Viscosity problems
a. Viscosity changes with shear & temperature
b. Measurement units
1.4.2 Disposing of waste liquids
a. Absorbers
b. Recycling
c. Hazardous waste
1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
1.6 GASES AND SOLIDS
1.7 SCOPE
Chapter Two
LEVEL
MONITORING - Basic concepts, theory, practical issues and
examples
2.1 INTERNAL MONITORING OF LEVELS
2.1.1 Types of internal level monitor
a. Float (horizontal)
b. Displacement (vertical)
c. Refraction/Reflection
d. Sight glass
e. Indicator tube/Magnetic
f. Conductance/Inductance
g. Resistance 29 h. Capacitance
i. Temperature
j. Touch indicator (paddle, blade)
k. Vibration (tuning fork, rod probe, diaphragm, etc.)
l. Pressure (hydrostatic) - direct
m. Pressure (hydrostatic) - transmitted
n. Pressure (hydrostatic) - bubbler
o. RF admittance
p. Ultrasonic contacting
q. Ultrasonic and sonic non-contacting
r. Radar/Microwave (Electromagnetic)
s. Other
2.2 EXTERNAL MONITORING OF LEVELS
2.2.1 Types of external level monitor
a. RF Capacitance
b. Ultrasonic non-contacting
c. Radar/Microwave
d. Nucleonics
2.3 INDIRECT MONITORING OF LEVELS
2.3.1 Types of indirect level monitor
a. Distortion/Shape
b. Weight
c. Thermography
d. Power
2.4 PRACTICAL COMMENTS ON LIQUID LEVEL MONITORING
a. The liquid and environment
b. The container
c. Switch or continuous
d. Horizontal or vertical displacement float
e. Optical
f. Sight glass and indicator tube
g. Conductance, resistance and capacitance
h. Temperature
i. Touch - Paddle, vane, etc.
j. Vibration
k. Hydrostatic pressure
l. Ultrasonics
m. Radar/Microwave
n. Radio frequency (RF)
o. Nucleonic and external fittings
p. Deep tanks
q. Reliability
2.5 GAS LEVEL MONITORING (pressure/volume)
2.6 SOLIDS LEVEL MONITORING
2.7 REVIEW OF LIQUID LEVEL MONITORING TECHNIQUES
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Chapter
Three
LEAKAGE
MONITORING - Basic concepts, theory, practical issues and
examples
3.1 INTERNAL MONITORING OF LEAKS
3.1.1 Types of internal leakage monitor
a. CCTV
b. Flow
c. Pressure
d. Internal hydrophone
e. Radar
f. Consistency
3.2 EXTERNAL MONITORING FOR LEAKS
3.2.1 Types of external leakage monitor
a. Fluid detection
b. Tracer fluid detection
c. Noise
d. Noise correlation
e. Acoustic logging
f. Ultrasonics
g. Radar
h. Thermography
3.3 OVERALL SYSTEM MONITORING FOR LEAKS
3.3.1 Types of overall system monitor
a. Pressure decay
b. Liquid usage / consumption
c. Large appearance changes (remote monitoring)
d. Acoustic logging
3.4 COMPONENT AND SYSTEM LEAK TESTING
3.5 PRACTICAL COMMENTS ON LIQUID LEAKAGE MONITORING
3.5.1 The system
3.3.2 The importance of the leak
3.3.3 The leak monitor
3.3.4 Operating a leak monitor
3.6 GAS LEAKAGE MONITORING
a. Catalytic gas detectors (combustible gases)
b. Infrared gas detectors (combustible gases)
c. Thermal conductivity detectors (combustible gases)
d. MOS detectors (toxic & combustible gases)
e. Electrochemical detectors (toxic gases and O2)
f. Ultra-violet absorption detectors
g. Ultrasonic detectors
h. Infrared telescopic photography
i. Pressurised cable channels
3.7 REVIEW OF LIQUID LEAKAGE MONITORING TECHNIQUES
Chapter
Four
FLOW
MONITORING - Basic concepts, theory, practical issues and
examples
4.1 INTERNAL MONITORING OF FLOW (e.g., within pipes)
4.1.1 Types of internal flow monitor
a. Differential pressure - flow constriction (DP) [Group
1]
b. Differential pressure - flow obstruction (VA) [Group
2]
c. Positive displacement - Gear [Group 3]
d. Positive displacement - Helical rotor [Group 3]
e. Positive displacement - Reciprocating piston [Group 3]
f. Turbine [Group 4]
g. Impeller [Group 4]
h. Vortex [Group 5]
i. Fluidic - Coanda effect [Group 5]
j. Electromagnetic [Group 6]
k. Ultrasonic - Time-of-flight [Group 7]
l. Coriolis [Group 8]
m. Thermal [Group 9]
n. Laser [Group 10]
o. Multi-phase [Group 10]
4.2 EXTERNAL MONITORING OF FLOW
4.2.1 Types of external flow monitor
a. Ultrasonic - Doppler [Group 7]
b. Ultrasonic - Time-of-flight [Group 7]
c. Load cells [Group 10]
4.3 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MONITORING
4.3.1 Types of open flow monitor
a. Electromagnetic [Groups 6/12]
b. Ultrasonic - Doppler [Groups 7/12]
c. Ultrasonic - Time-of-flight [Groups 7/12]
d. Tracer [Groups 10/12] 123 e. Radar - Non-contacting [Group
10/12]
4.4 FLOW INDICATORS
4.5 PRACTICAL COMMENTS ON LIQUID FLOW MONITORING
a. Differential pressure
b. Turbine and impeller meters
c. Coriolis flow meters
d. Choice of flow monitors
4.6 GAS FLOW MONITORING
a. Orifice plate
b. Pitot tube
c. Turbine meters
d. Deflecting vane
e. Vortex - Ultrasonic detection
f. Thermal
g. Thermography
4.7 SOLIDS FLOW MONITORING
4.8 REVIEW OF LIQUID FLOW MONITORING TECHNIQUES
Chapter Five
APPLICATIONS
AND CASE STUDIES
APPLICATIONS
5.1.1 Level applications
5.1.2 Leakage applications
5.1.3 Flow applications
5.2 CASE STUDIES
5.2.1 Level applications
a. ABB Corporate Research and offshore oil wells
b. Lanfina Bitumen and bitumen
5.2.2 Leakage monitoring
a. Severn Trent Water and water
b. Site leakage of water
5.2.3 Flow monitoring
a. Anglian Water and lead pipes
Chapter Six
BUYERSı
GUIDE
6.1 COMPANIES
Chapter Seven
REFERENCE
7.1 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7.2 TABLES
7.2.1 Viscosity comparisons with different units
7.2.2 Dielectric constants
7.2.3 Specific gravities of liquids
7.2.4 Specific gravities of gases
7.2.5 Conductivities of liquids
7.3 REFERENCES
7.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY (not referred to in the book)
7.5 STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE
7.5.1 British Standards Institution [BSI]
7.5.2 International Standards Organisation [ISO]
Chapter Eight
INDEX
8.1 EDITORIAL INDEX
8.2 INDEX OF AUTHORS
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