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The Level, Leakage + Flow Monitoring Handbook by Trevor Hunt
Publisher January 2001

Chapter Two

LEVEL MONITORING - Basic concepts, theory, practical issues and examples

2.1 INTERNAL MONITORING OF LEVELS
2.1.1 Types of internal level monitor
a. Float (horizontal)
b. Displacement (vertical)
c. Refraction/Reflection
d. Sight glass
e. Indicator tube/Magnetic
f. Conductance/Inductance
g. Resistance 29 h. Capacitance
i. Temperature
j. Touch indicator (paddle, blade)
k. Vibration (tuning fork, rod probe, diaphragm, etc.)
l. Pressure (hydrostatic) - direct
m. Pressure (hydrostatic) - transmitted
n. Pressure (hydrostatic) - bubbler
o. RF admittance
p. Ultrasonic contacting
q. Ultrasonic and sonic non-contacting
r. Radar/Microwave (Electromagnetic)
s. Other
2.2 EXTERNAL MONITORING OF LEVELS
2.2.1 Types of external level monitor
a. RF Capacitance
b. Ultrasonic non-contacting
c. Radar/Microwave
d. Nucleonics
2.3 INDIRECT MONITORING OF LEVELS
2.3.1 Types of indirect level monitor
a. Distortion/Shape
b. Weight
c. Thermography
d. Power
2.4 PRACTICAL COMMENTS ON LIQUID LEVEL MONITORING
a. The liquid and environment
b. The container
c. Switch or continuous
d. Horizontal or vertical displacement float
e. Optical
f. Sight glass and indicator tube
g. Conductance, resistance and capacitance
h. Temperature
i. Touch - Paddle, vane, etc.
j. Vibration
k. Hydrostatic pressure
l. Ultrasonics
m. Radar/Microwave
n. Radio frequency (RF)
o. Nucleonic and external fittings
p. Deep tanks
q. Reliability
2.5 GAS LEVEL MONITORING (pressure/volume)
2.6 SOLIDS LEVEL MONITORING
2.7 REVIEW OF LIQUID LEVEL MONITORING TECHNIQUES

Chapter Three

LEAKAGE MONITORING - Basic concepts, theory, practical issues and examples

3.1 INTERNAL MONITORING OF LEAKS
3.1.1 Types of internal leakage monitor
a. CCTV
b. Flow
c. Pressure
d. Internal hydrophone
e. Radar
f. Consistency
3.2 EXTERNAL MONITORING FOR LEAKS
3.2.1 Types of external leakage monitor
a. Fluid detection
b. Tracer fluid detection
c. Noise
d. Noise correlation
e. Acoustic logging
f. Ultrasonics
g. Radar
h. Thermography
3.3 OVERALL SYSTEM MONITORING FOR LEAKS
3.3.1 Types of overall system monitor
a. Pressure decay
b. Liquid usage / consumption
c. Large appearance changes (remote monitoring)
d. Acoustic logging
3.4 COMPONENT AND SYSTEM LEAK TESTING
3.5 PRACTICAL COMMENTS ON LIQUID LEAKAGE MONITORING
3.5.1 The system
3.3.2 The importance of the leak
3.3.3 The leak monitor
3.3.4 Operating a leak monitor
3.6 GAS LEAKAGE MONITORING
a. Catalytic gas detectors (combustible gases)
b. Infrared gas detectors (combustible gases)
c. Thermal conductivity detectors (combustible gases)
d. MOS detectors (toxic & combustible gases)
e. Electrochemical detectors (toxic gases and O2)
f. Ultra-violet absorption detectors
g. Ultrasonic detectors
h. Infrared telescopic photography
i. Pressurised cable channels
3.7 REVIEW OF LIQUID LEAKAGE MONITORING TECHNIQUES

Chapter Four

FLOW MONITORING - Basic concepts, theory, practical issues and examples

4.1 INTERNAL MONITORING OF FLOW (e.g., within pipes)
4.1.1 Types of internal flow monitor
a. Differential pressure - flow constriction (DP) [Group 1]
b. Differential pressure - flow obstruction (VA) [Group 2]
c. Positive displacement - Gear [Group 3]
d. Positive displacement - Helical rotor [Group 3]
e. Positive displacement - Reciprocating piston [Group 3]
f. Turbine [Group 4]
g. Impeller [Group 4]
h. Vortex [Group 5]
i. Fluidic - Coanda effect [Group 5]
j. Electromagnetic [Group 6]
k. Ultrasonic - Time-of-flight [Group 7]
l. Coriolis [Group 8]
m. Thermal [Group 9]
n. Laser [Group 10]
o. Multi-phase [Group 10]
4.2 EXTERNAL MONITORING OF FLOW
4.2.1 Types of external flow monitor
a. Ultrasonic - Doppler [Group 7]
b. Ultrasonic - Time-of-flight [Group 7]
c. Load cells [Group 10]
4.3 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MONITORING
4.3.1 Types of open flow monitor
a. Electromagnetic [Groups 6/12]
b. Ultrasonic - Doppler [Groups 7/12]
c. Ultrasonic - Time-of-flight [Groups 7/12]
d. Tracer [Groups 10/12] 123 e. Radar - Non-contacting [Group 10/12]
4.4 FLOW INDICATORS
4.5 PRACTICAL COMMENTS ON LIQUID FLOW MONITORING
a. Differential pressure
b. Turbine and impeller meters
c. Coriolis flow meters
d. Choice of flow monitors
4.6 GAS FLOW MONITORING
a. Orifice plate
b. Pitot tube
c. Turbine meters
d. Deflecting vane
e. Vortex - Ultrasonic detection
f. Thermal
g. Thermography
4.7 SOLIDS FLOW MONITORING
4.8 REVIEW OF LIQUID FLOW MONITORING TECHNIQUES