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The Thermography Monitoring Handbook by Roderick Thomas
Publisher May 1999

Chapter Two

BASIC CONCEPTS AND THEORY

2.1 TEMPERATURE
2.1.1 Temperature
2.1.2 Heat transfer
2.2 INFRARED THEORY
2.2.1 Infrared radiation
2.2.2 The beginning of infrared theory
2.2.3 Early infrared detectors
2.3 BLACK-BODY RADIATION
2.3.1 Planck's radiation law
2.3.2 Wien's displacement law
2.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann formula
2.4 REAL BODY RADIATION (EMISSION)
2.4.1 Real radiation effects
2.4.2 Emissivity
2.5 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION
2.6 RADIATION DETECTORS
2.6.1 Thermal detectors
2.6.2 Photon detectors

Chapter Three

PRACTICAL ISSUES

3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 THE CAMERA
3.2.1 Wavelength and temperature measurement range
3.2.2 Scanning and staring systems
3.2.3 Sensitivity
3.2.4 Resolution
3.2.5 Accuracy
3.2.6 Dwell or variable integration time (VIT)
3.2.7 Memory, computer and analytical capability
3.2.8 Portability, power consumption, weight, size and accessories
3.3 THE CAMERA IN USE
3.3.1 Essential features
3.3.2 Emissivity
3.3.3 Operating distance
3.3.4 Stray radiation (reflectance, ambient radiation&solar reflections)
3.3.5 Object shape and surface surroundings
3.4 OTHER PARAMETERS AFFECTING TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
3.5 THERMOGRAPHY v SPOT MEASUREMENT
3.5.1 Measurement need and specification
3.5.2 Turbine operating conditions
3.5.3 Thermal imaging system
a. The steam present inside the turbine casing
b. Shaft rotation
c. The surface properties at the point of measurement
3.5.4 Spot temperature measurement system
3.5.5 Comparison of thermal imaging and thermal point systems
3.6 REPORTING
3.6.1 Severity criteria/limits

Chapter Four

EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 RADIATION THERMOMETERS
4.2.1 General non-contact radiation thermometers

a. Total radiation thermometers
b. Pyroelectric detectors
c. Photoelectric radiation thermometers
d. Optical thermometers
4.2.2 Spot non-contact radiation thermometers
4.3 THERMOGRAPHY EQUIPMENT
4.3.1 Line scanners 4.3.2 Portable infrared thermal imaging
4.3.3 Fixed thermography systems
4.3.4 Expert systems