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Thermography
Monitoring Handbook
Approximately 190 pages
by Roderick Thomas
Hardback
£39 / $66/Euros 66
plus £4 / $8/ Euros 66p&p
Publication date: May 1999
ISBN: 1 901892 018
An ideal
- and affordable - text for engineers and maintenance professional
with an interest in thermography/infrared monitoring. This
title does not attempt to baffle with the technology, but
introduces it at an understandable level, touching on the
basic theory and concepts, available equipment and practical
issues relevant to the engineer as well as highlighting
several case studies with which the reader can relate. Other
books in this twelve title series focus on corrosion, wear
debris analysis, vibration, noise, ultrasonics and oil analysis.
The full series will be published before the end of the
year 2000.
Chapter
One
INTRODUCTION
TO THERMOGRAPHY
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Traditional condition monitoring problems
1.1.2 Non-contact condition monitoring
1.2 VISUAL MONITORING
1.2.1 General advantages and disadvantages
1.2.2 Implementation of visual monitoring
1.2.3 Trending
1.3 THERMAL MONITORING
1.3.1 Temperature
1.3.2 Non-contact thermal condition monitoring
a. Infrared thermometers
b. Line scanners
c. Infrared thermal imaging
1.3.3 Uses of non-contact thermal monitoring
1.4 THERMOGRAPHY MONITORING
1.4.1 Portable thermography
1.4.2 Fixed on-line thermography
1.5 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOGRAPHY
1.6 SCOPE
Chapter
Two
BASIC
CONCEPTS AND THEORY
2.1 TEMPERATURE
2.1.1 Temperature
2.1.2 Heat transfer
2.2 INFRARED THEORY
2.2.1 Infrared radiation
2.2.2 The beginning of infrared theory
2.2.3 Early infrared detectors
2.3 BLACK-BODY RADIATION
2.3.1 Planck's radiation law
2.3.2 Wien's displacement law
2.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann formula
2.4 REAL BODY RADIATION (EMISSION)
2.4.1 Real radiation effects
2.4.2 Emissivity
2.5 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION
2.6 RADIATION DETECTORS
2.6.1 Thermal detectors
2.6.2 Photon detectors
Chapter
Three
PRACTICAL
ISSUES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 THE CAMERA
3.2.1 Wavelength and temperature measurement range
3.2.2 Scanning and staring systems
3.2.3 Sensitivity
3.2.4 Resolution
3.2.5 Accuracy
3.2.6 Dwell or variable integration time (VIT)
3.2.7 Memory, computer and analytical capability
3.2.8 Portability, power consumption, weight, size and accessories
3.3 THE CAMERA IN USE
3.3.1 Essential features
3.3.2 Emissivity
3.3.3 Operating distance
3.3.4 Stray radiation (reflectance, ambient radiation&solar
reflections)
3.3.5 Object shape and surface surroundings
3.4 OTHER PARAMETERS AFFECTING TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
3.5 THERMOGRAPHY v SPOT MEASUREMENT
3.5.1 Measurement need and specification
3.5.2 Turbine operating conditions
3.5.3 Thermal imaging system
a. The steam present inside the turbine casing
b. Shaft rotation
c. The surface properties at the point of measurement
3.5.4 Spot temperature measurement system
3.5.5 Comparison of thermal imaging and thermal point systems
3.6 REPORTING
3.6.1 Severity criteria/limits
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Chapter
Four
EQUIPMENT
AND INSTRUMENTATION
4.1
INTRODUCTION
4.2 RADIATION THERMOMETERS
4.2.1 General non-contact radiation thermometers
a.
Total radiation thermometers
b. Pyroelectric detectors
c. Photoelectric radiation thermometers
d. Optical thermometers
4.2.2 Spot non-contact radiation thermometers
4.3 THERMOGRAPHY EQUIPMENT
4.3.1 Line scanners 4.3.2 Portable infrared thermal imaging
4.3.3 Fixed thermography systems
4.3.4 Expert systems
Chapter
Five
APPLICATIONS
AND CASE STUDIES
5.1
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Electrical systems
a. Temperature rises
b. Electrical contact
c. Trend monitoring
d. Electrical components
e. Electrical machines
5.1.3 Mechanical systems
a. Friction and wear
b. Mechanical components; bearings, gears, seals, belts
and misalignment
c. Hydraulic components
5.1.4 Electronic systems
a. Failure rate
b. Thermal patterns of discrete components, heat sinks and
very small objects
c. Thermal patterns of whole objects and inspection bonds
5.1.5 Energy systems
a. Heat losses
b. Heating, steam systems and heat exchangers
c. Refractory insulation, furnaces and kilns
d. Buildings and roofing
5.1.6 Medical systems
5.1.7 Other examples
5.2 CASE STUDIES
5.2.1 Steel industry
5.2.2 Power generation and distribution
5.2.3 Building services
5.2.4 Automotive industry
5.2.5 Paper manufacture
5.2.6 Cement industry
5.2.7 Coal extraction
5.2.8 Offshore engineering
5.2.9 Glass manufacture
5.2.10 Recent trends in research
5.3 COLOUR PLATES
Chapter
Six
BUYERS
GUIDE
6.1
COMPANIES
6.2 EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION
6.2.1 Cameras and hardware
6.2.2 Software systems
6.2.3 Accessories
6.3 SERVICES
6.3.1 Consultancy and testing
6.3.2 Training
Chapter
Seven
REFERENCE
7.1
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7.2 TABLES
7.2.1 Emissivity table of metals and their oxides
7.2.2 Emissivity table of other materials
7.2.3 Maximum joint temperatures - specific limits
7.3 REFERENCES
7.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
7.5 STANDARDS
7.5.1 British Standards Institute
7.5.2 International Standards Organisation
7.5.3 Electrical utility guidelines (IETA)
7.6 CHARTS
7.6.1 DT temperature rise chart
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