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Acoustic
Emission & Ultrasonic Monitoring Handbook
Approximately 180 pages
by
Trevor Holroyd
Hardback
£39 / $66/Euros 66
plus £4 / $8/ Euros 66p&p Publication date: January 2000
ISBN: 1 901892 018 Sold with a 28 day money back guarantee
(assuming it is returned to the publisher in the same condition
it was sent out)
An ideal
- and affordable - text for engineers and maintenance professional
with an interest in acoustic emission and ultrasonic monitoring.
This title does not attempt to baffle with the technology,
but introduces it at an understandable level, touching on
the basic theory and concepts, available equipment and practical
issues relevant to the engineer as well as highlighting
several case studies with which the reader can relate. Other
books in this twelve title series focus on vibration, wear
debris analysis, corrosion, noise, thermography and oil
analysis.
Chapter
One - INTRODUCTION TO ACOUSTIC EMISSION & ULTRASONIC MONITORING
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1.2 THE WIDER PICTURE
1.2.1 Non-destructive testing (NDT)
1.2.2 Process monitoring
1.2.3 Fluidborne ultrasonics
1.2.4 Machinery condition monitoring
1.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
1.4 SCOPE
Chapter
Two
BASIC
CONCEPTS AND THEORY
2.1
SOURCES OF ACTIVITY
2.1.1 Simulated sources
2.1.2 Naturally occurring sources
2.2 WAVE PROPAGATION
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 Wave modes
2.2.3 Effect of boundaries / interfaces
2.2.4 Attenuation
2.2.5 Diffuse fields
2.2.6 Transfer function
2.3 DETECTION OF AE
2.3.1 AE transducers
a. High fidelity time domain analysis
b. Broadband frequency domain analysis
c. Resonant (narrow-band) detection
d. Accelerometer as an AE transducer - WARNING!
e. Airborne transducer
2.3.2 The preamplifier
2.4 SIGNAL PROCESSING
2.4.1 Purpose
2.4.2 Signal types
2.4.3 Threshold based signal processing
a. Counting threshold crossings
b. Burst/event signal characterisation
2.4.4 Evelope based signal processing
a. Signal magnitude and enveloping
b. Extracting the dynamic envelope
2.4.5 Statistical characterisation of continuous signals
a. Mean
b. Variance
c. Standard deviation
d. Skewness
e. Kurtosis
2.4.6 Trending
2.4.7 Signal averaging techniques
2.4.8 Source localisation
2.4.9 Defect repetition frequencies
Chapter
Three
PRACTICAL
ISSUES
3.1
ASSESSING A NEW APPLICATION
3.1.1 Purpose of the measurement
3.1.2 Assessing the likely signals
a. The wanted signal
b. AE background noise
c. Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
3.2 MEASUREMENT INTEGRITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY
3.2.1 Sensor positioning
3.2.2 The acoustic coupling of the sensor
3.2.3 Sensitivity and detection characteristics
3.2.4 The sensor (or transducer) cable
3.2.5 In-situ checking of detection capability
3.2.6 Machine operating conditions
3.2.7 The choice of instrument
3.2.8 Calibration
3.3 EFFECT OF RE-GREASING
3.4 PORTABLE AND PERMANENT INSTALLATION
3.5 COMPARISON OF AE AND VIBRATION
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Chapter
Four
EQUIPMENT
AND INSTRUMENTATION
4.1
OVERVIEW
4.2 CORE PROCESSING- DIFFERENT APPROACHES
4.2.1 Peak based processing
4.2.2 Dynamic envelope based signal processing
4.3 PORTABLE SYSTEMS
4.3.1 Time domain - quick assessment
4.3.2 Time domain - data collecting
4.3.3 Frequency domain
4.4 PERMANENTLY INSTALLED SYSTEMS
4.4.1 Standard multi-channel systems
4.4.2 Building block modules
4.4.3 Bespoke systems tailored to the specific requirements
4.4.4 Multi single-channel systems
4.5 DYNAMIC ENVELOPE OUTPUT DEVICES
4.6 OEM SENSORS
4.7 INSTRUMENT RELEVANCE
Chapter
Five
APPLICATIONS
AND CASE STUDIES
5.1
APPLICATIONS
5.2 CASE STUDIES
5.2.1 Application to large slow moving bearings
5.2.2 Application to Archimedean screw pumps
a. Ineffective supply of lubricant to submerged lower bearing
b. Faulty seal on submerged lower bearing housing - lubricated
by closed loop oil feed system
c. Rapid failure of support/thrust bearing - grease packed
supplemented by manual greasing via a single grease point
5.2.3 Diagnosing problems in the chemical industry
a. Pipeline problem
b. Kiln tyre problem
c. Scaling problem in seal-less pump bearings
d. Slow speed rolling element bearing check
5.2.4 Engine development application for monitoring turbine
seals in a Rolls-Royce RB211-254 G/H gas turbine
5.2.5 Extending the technical services of third party companies
5.2.6 Time domain diagnosis of ill-fitted split bearings
5.2.7 Early fault detection in slow speed rotating kilns
5.2.8 Vibration analysis of multi-spindle gear-type heads
using Spike Energyō and Spike EnergyōSpectrum
5.2.9 Operation of a switching mechanism
5.2.10 Paper machine investigation
Chapter
Six
BUYERS'
GUIDE
6.1
COMPANIES
6.2 PRODUCTS
6.2.1 Hand-held/portable detectors
6.2.2 Permanent detectors
6.2.3 Accessories
6.2.4 Transducers
6.3 CONSULTANCY SERVICES
6.3.1 Field monitoring services
6.3.2 Centres of research
Chapter
Seven
REFERENCE
7.1
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7.2 REFERENCES
7.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY (not referred to in the book)
7.4 STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE
7.4.1 American Society for Testing Materials [ASTM]
7.4.2 [EN]
7.4.3 [EWGAE]
7.4.4 American military standards [MIL]
7.4.5 [NFA]
Chapter
Eight
INDEX
8.1 EDITORIAL INDEX
8.2 INDEX OF AUTHORS
8.3 INDEX OF COMPANIES
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