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The Vibration Monitorng Handbook by Charles W. Reeves
Publisher May 1998

Chapter Two

BASIC CONCEPTS AND THEORY

2.1 Magnitude
2.1.1 Units of measurement
2.2 Frequency content
2.3 Time waveform
2.4 Measurement of vibration
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Transducers
a. Seismic transducers
b. Relative motion transducers (proximity probes)
2.4.3 Signal conditioning
2.5 Criteria
2.5.1 Externally measured vibration - general machinery
a. Criteria when previous experience is not available
b. Criteria when previous experience is available
2.5.2 Externally measured vibration - gearboxes
a. API criteria
b. Criteria for external vibration on gearboxes using vibration meters
c. Criteria for external vibration on gearboxes using time averaging technique
2.5.3 Externally measured vibration - rolling contact bearings
a. Technique measuring rms acceleration
b. Technique using Shock Pulse Method
c. Technique using Envelope analysis
2.5.4 Externally measured vibration - reciprocating machinery
a. American Naval Standard MIL-STD-167
b. ISO standard on reciprocating machines with power ratings above 100 kW
2.5.5 Shaft vibration relative to the bearing housing
a. API criteria
b. ISO criteria
c. Maximum allowable relative shaft vibrations obtained from theory
d. Industrial experience
2.6 Summary of techniques

Chapter Three

PRACTICAL ISSUES

3.1 Selecting the right parameter
3.2 Problems in simple usage (portable monitoring with vibration meter or data collector)
3.3 Repeatability (portable monitoring)
3.3.1 Non-repeatability due to machine condition
a. Background vibration
b. Effect of machine speed and load, etc.
c. Variation of signal at nominally constant operating conditions Time domain averaging Process domain averaging
d. Trending of data
3.3.2 Non-repeatability due to measurement technique
a. Mounting of transducer
b. Temperature effects
c. Spurious low frequency 'Ski-slope' effect
d. Saturation of the conditioning electronics
3.4 Experience with permanent monitors
3.5 Implementation of permanent monitors

Chapter Four

EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

4.1 Portable meters and analysers
4.1.1 Vibration meters for general use
4.1.2 Portable frequency analysers
4.2 Portable data collectors/analysers
4.2.1 Essential features
4.2.2 The Exception Report
4.2.3 Advantages of the Data Collector system
4.2.4 Data Collectors/software features available
4.2.5 Desirable features
4.2.6 Data logger suitable for monitoring rolling contact bearings using the Shock Pulse Method
4.3 Permanent monitors/on-line data acquisition and analysis equipment
4.3.1 Description of a permanent monitor
4.3.2 Protection monitors a. Monitors monitoring shaft displacements.
b. Monitors measuring external vibration (general machinery and gearboxes)
c. Monitors for rolling contact bearings Measuring rms acceleration Measuring Shock Pulse Measuring the 'Envelope'
4.3.3 Interfaces with on-line data acquisition and analysis equipment
a. Permanent monitor interface with plant Digital Control System (DCS)
b. Permanent monitor interface with host computer with condition monitoring software
c. Local monitoring unit interface with host computer with condition monitoring software
4.4 On-line continuous monitoring systems